Scale: The Universal Laws of Growth, Innovation, Sustainability, and the Pace of Life in Organisms, Cities, Economies, and Companies First Edition

I had high hopes for this book, because the author is a great researcher and lecturer. However this book does not reflect his usual high standard.The beginning is terrible. He shows four graphs to illustrate scaling relationships, none of which have intelligible scales. I received an advance uncorrected copy, so perhaps some of the issues will be corrected in the final version, but the flaws run deeper than typographic.All the charts have log-log scales, although they are labeled in three different formats--scientific notation, exponent only or integer. There's an old saying that everything looks linear in log-log plots. The reason that even a very large deviation in ratio of vertical to horizontal variable will look small if the range of the vertical variable is large. For example, the graph of "number of patents" versus "population" shows ratios that range from about 5 patents per capita to 200. No one would say that illustrates some universal law is in operation. But the vertical scale runs from population of 10,000 to 3.2 billion, 4.5 orders of magnitude, and that dwarfs the variation in patents per capita so things look linear. Standard statistical tests do not show linearity.Another problem with this chart is there is no explanation of how either variable is defined. You can't talk about scale in isolation from what is being measured. It's true there is a citation to the original work (although not a very helpful one). But it turns out that does not support the linearity the author of book claims, the whole point of the chart is to show that larger cities have more patents per capita than smaller ones, and says explicitly that the relation is non-linear. So the chart in the book is not only misleading by construction, it conveys the wrong idea.Another chart shows number of heartbeats per lifetime of "animals" versus weight. It looks constant, because the range seems to be about 30 million to 150 million, but the vertical scale runs from 100 to one trillion. "Animals" turns out to be a few selected mammals (whales are listed twice with different values). If you go to the paper, the author emphasizes that the interest is in the deviations from the typical relation shown by the animals on the chart; the chart only shows the typical animals. So far from a universal constant in nature, we find that a subset of mammals happen to have values within a factor of five, with other mammals and non-mammals outside that range, but missing from the chart even though the vertical axis is scaled to accommodate them.A better chart shows metabolic rate versus weight (here labeled "mass" despite being the same scale as the previous graph). This includes selected mammals and birds, and does illustrate rough linearity in log-log space. But here the main interest is in the slope of the line rather than the linearity. Metabolic rate increases not linearly with mass but at about the 3/4 or perhaps 2/3 power. This is key, because a lot of things also go up with powers of mass and people disagree on which ones of them are important for setting the metabolic rate.Finally, there is a chart purporting to show that net income and assets of companies are linear in log-log space with number of employees. This is clearly nonsense. Technology companies often have hundreds of thousands of dollars of net income per employee, and few assets, while retailers have an order of magnitude lower profits per employee but much higher assets. There are companies that own and lease things with huge assets and few employees, and service companies that own nothing but a few desks and computers with many employees. It turns out if you read the notes at the back of the book that the 22 points are actually averages of over 30,000 companies (by the way, page, chapter and figure numbers are wrong in the notes, but I assume this will be corrected before publication). So all the chart tells us is when you average over large numbers of companies of different types but similar size, you get similar relations of employees to income and assets as the average for large numbers of companies of a different size.It's not just the charts. Also in the first few pages, the author is hyperventilating about the "exponential rate of urbanization" that has increased the proportion of US residents who live in cities from 4% 200 years ago to 80% today and is an "impending tsunami with the potential to overwhelm us." A few seconds reflection shows the absurdity of that. If the urbanization rate is exponential, and has increased by a factor of 20 in 200 years, then in 15 years we'll be at 100% and the "tsunami" will stall.Now I know most people think "exponential" means fast, but most theoretical physicists, and certainly the author, know better. It just means that the rate of increase is proportional to the level. Nothing in the physical universe is exponential and fast. Things can start out exponential, like a fire that spreads faster the larger it grows. But that fire eventually uses up available fuel and oxygen and goes out. Urbanization in the US since 1790 fits a near perfect Gompertz trend with an asymptote at about 83% (that doesn't mean I predict urbanization will stabilize at 83%, drawing curves from the past is a dangerous way to predict the future, but at least a curve that fits the data is better than one that is clearly inconsistent with the data). Gompertz trends frequently give reasonable fits to data, exponential curves never do for very long.Another wildly false scare sentence is, "It is only relatively recently that we have become conscious of global warming, long-term environmental changes, limitations on energy, water, and other resources, health and pollution issues, stability of financial markets, and so on." Take those one at a time. Global warming started in the mid-1970s, before that the Earth was cooling (you could push it back to the 1950s, but the 1950s were cooler than the 1940s; note that I'm not saying that greenhouse emissions were not affecting the global temperature before 1970, just that the Earth was not warming overall). It was not only noticed immediately, before clear statistical evidence of the trend emerged, it had been predicted long before.People have always been aware of "limitations on energy, water and other resources," and our supply of resources is far greater than at any time in the past. Health? People didn't know about sickness and death until recently? Pollution? The ancient Romans griped and sued about gravioris caeli and infamis aer, and Seneca wrote “No sooner had I left behind the oppressive atmosphere of. . .[Rome] and that reek of smoking cookers which pour out, along with clouds of ashes, all the poisonous fumes they’ve accumulated in their interiors whenever they’re started up, that I noticed the change in my condition.” Pollution has been a major political issue in Europe for nearly 1,000 years. People have known about instability in financial markets as long as there have been financial markets, and every expansion of markets since has been accompanied by periods of instability and crisis.After all this, only my respect for the author kept me going. The book gets quite a bit better when it leaves off the foolishness of the beginning and discusses specific topics with precision and insight. Nevertheless, I was overall disappointed by the book. It is repetitious and bloated. It tries to cover too many topics and relate them all to each other, often in strained ways. It mixes solid research with press release studies and outdated speculations. The notes are not as helpful as they should be, few of them have any explanation, many are just names of authors or books with no clue about how to find the specific support for the cited claim. There is not a clear distinction between patterns that occur for mathematical reasons--things like Fibonacci numbers, inverse square laws, Gompertz trends, fractal scaling and power laws--versus mathematical patterns that result from top down constraints. There is a lot of first-rate material as well, but it's not packaged well.Overall, I would recommend this book to people who are well versed in these subjects, with the patience to wade through on overlong and repetitious book for the good parts. The author is the undeniable world expert some of these things, and they are very important things to understand. Readers who are new to these ideas are likely to be misinformed, although probably entertained. Readers who are not patient should look for a better exposition.

This is a very intriguing book. My own interests relate to the efforts at understanding the longevity and mortality of companies and non-profit enterprises. Surprisingly little good work has been done in this area. Compared with the multitude of research in business and finance, the study of company or industry "demographics" is negligible.I believe there may be discoverable general principles, including mathematical ones, underlying the rise and fall of companies and industries. But I found little real insight here.In looking at companies, the author claims they "die" when liquidated, bankrupt, acquired, or merged. But of course many enterprises continue to grow and prosper after a merger. The vast majority of US railroads no longer exist, having consolidated from thousands to about 5 majors. Some like the Milwaukee Road and Rock Island indeed died, but the mainlines of most of the big roads of 60 years ago are busier than ever today.....with a fraction of the employees.The author also limits the study to public companies, which are somewhat less important than even 20 years ago. LBO's, Private Equity, and Sarbanes-Oxley have conspired to reduce the number of public companies. We have more private giants than ever, joined by those who have always been private like Publix, Mars, and Cargill.The book claims that the odds of a company lasting 200 years are zero, and that the few exceptions are tiny companies. Yet some US banks (e.g., Citigroup) and insurance companies have made it. Procter & Gamble and John Deere are just 20 years shy of 200, both having been founded in 1837. And what of our large non-profit corporations? What about Harvard is different? It has metabolism and maintenance like any other economic organism, to use the language of the book.I think trying to understand companies from massive averaged datasets, without looking at the actual facts, is a slippery slope. Sometimes companies (like Sears) change names, sometimes they reincorporate, sometimes they are acquired but are in effect the surviving corporations. Did AT&T die when SBC, its own child, bought it? Is CSX the continuation of The Chessie System or The Family Lines? Did BNSF die when Berkshire Hathaway bought it? Was Agilent born when HP spun it out? You have to really look at the specifics. The same applies to any survival studies of the Fortune 500, which I have been following since 1963.I imagine the book's approach might be much more successful (and insightful) had the author studied products or industries rather than companies. Data on the production of commodities (from steel to education to rail freight) are readily available. They include the production of all enterprises, including private companies. Time series are often available for much longer than the 59 years used on public companies in this book. And ultimately all companies (and the economy at large) are built on the rise and fall of buggy whips and smartphones.The book makes you think. I am glad I bought it. But take at least parts of it with a big grain of salt.

I found this book very thought provoking. Especially the parts where he discussed the city and social connections. Also the parts of exponential population growth and what might follow were interesting. There were some repetition in the book, it could have been more edited, but on the other hand the book had a quality that you can't stop reading it which is allways fun when you read a lot. He is very fluent writer and I think anyone can find joy reading this book. It was between entertaining and scientific.

There's too many non-positive reviews of this book! It's a great read and hat's off to the author. He doesn't quite clinch the point he is trying to make (so perhaps I should drop a star) but that really is besides the point, not least because he's tackling complexity so it's hard to be definitive. This book will make you think and that's the most important thing for me.

Some excellent ideas and insights - writing style slightly on the repetitive side, but a very interesting and thought provoking book.

This is a most interesting book. I did not give it 5 stars because it is a bit wordy in places. However, it gives much thought provoking info. If you like factual books then a great book for the summer holiday.

This was an intriguing book and the author's point was very well made. As a chemical engineer, I found many of the examples convincing though somewhat disturbing if the ideas are extended or amplified. Was this book a warning? Should we be worried?

The way biology scales and an insight to the birth and death of companies were fascinating. But much of the book was not rigorous enough for me. Perhaps it is because what he is trying to analyse is still a young science. I felt the author knew more about our near future than he is letting on because he wanted to maintain an upbeat tempo.

Very thought provoking and he has found a wide variety of relationships however I thought his reasoning for the quarter rule to be somewhat unconvincing. Correlation is not the same as causation and just adding one dimension to a 3D to get the divisor 4 is somewhat beyond me.

An extremely interesting book setting out a theory that was completely new to me, but which grips the imagination and changes the way one thinks.

This clear analysis of a law governing urban growth should help governments to secure economies while recognising that human life is limited

A fascinating book, and some beautifully clear descriptions of complex (and usually misused) concepts. For example, the connection between wars, coastlines, lungs and electricity grids.

Alle 10 Jahre gibt es ein Buch, welches mit grossem, neuen und relevanten Inhalt etwas fundiertes zu einer existiernden Diskussion beiträgt. Dieses Buch ist so eins....ohne Zweifel, eins der besten Bücher, die ich je gelesen habe. Anstatt das übliche emotionelle Gelaber über die Umweltthematik zu wiederkauen, kommt Geoffrey West seltsameweise zu den gleichen Schlüssen - aber diesmal mit mathematischen, fundierten Schlüssen. (Die benötigte Mathe ist nicht schwieriger, als die von der 10. Klasse). Absolut fazinierend und umwerfend ! Beginnend mit den von ihm endeckten Skaleneffektregeln bei Lebewesen (sehr interessant !) zeigt er wie Firmen, Städte und Gesellschaften auch an sich "Lebewesen" sind und was die logische Konsequenzen für die Umweltproblematik sind, und welche Lösungen möglich sind - vor allem in Bezug auf die Machbarkeit uns aus diesem Problem "heraus zu innovieren". Abosolute maximale Empfehlung...wenn ich 6 Sterne vergeben könnte, würde ich es tun

Geoffrey West’s look at the concept of scale is the book that anyone with applied interests in complexity, social innovation, and social change has been waiting for. This is the book I will recommend to any of my clients or colleagues who use the term scale ‘blindly’.West has not only written a wide-ranging scientific book that is relevant and applied in nature, it’s also a very readable book. Those two things don’t always go together.If you are interested in complexity science drawn from many scientific disciplines - physics, biology, sociology, mathematics and more - this is your book.

I enjoyed this book.At first I thought the account of scaling as applied to cities was distracting, but then realized it is a wonderful illustration of a scientist applying his ideas (on scaling in allometry for biological systems) and attempting to extend and generalize them. I have some familiarity with metabolic scaling but the application to cities was informative and intriguing.If you are curious about scaling this would be a good book. If your interest is on biological scaling, you might also try John Whitfield, In the Beat of a Heart: Life, Energy, and the Unity of Nature, published in 2006, which among other things discusses Geoffrey West's (the author of Scale) work with others on metabolic scaling.

Rarely does a book introduce an original scientific idea and then proceeds to defend that idea with so much data and evidence, while keeping the language and tempo of the narrative interesting. West’s argument is that many of the features of systems and organisms are to be evaluated against their size, not against their competition. Is New York City the greatest city in the world? Not for its size. It should be doing even better. He also connects the concept of fractal dimension to real-world outcomes, in the case of mammals, one that dictates their metabolism and longevity.Rank it as one of the essential scientific essays of the 21st century along with Wolfram’s A New Kind of Science and Christopher Alexander’s The Process of Creating Life.

Very interesting book. Multidisciplinary, informative and integrates scaling laws across many disciplines -biology, physics, geography, business, innovation, sociology, structures, networks, systems. Highly recommended.